Blue University PUCPR: What Next?

Amazing 23 pages (!) document from the Blue Community / Blue University Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná PUCPR in Brazil:

Now that we are a Blue University, what next?

by Marta Luciane Fischer (1), Elias Wolff (2) and Luciana Caetano da Silva (3).

Based on the global demand for individual, social and institutional engagement in ensuring the universal right to access water, the Blue Communities movement is committed to three basic principles:
a) recognising water as a human right and thus guaranteeing equitable access for all;
b) promoting public and community management of water resources;
c) eliminating the use of plastic bottles for water consumption and promoting sustainable alternatives and sources of drinking water in public spaces.

Higher education institutions play a fundamental role among the members of Blue Communities, raising awareness, researching and implementing sustainable practices, and providing public education on conservation and responsible water use.

In 2023, the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná earned the Blue University seal, joining two other Brazilian institutions in this pursuit. The objective of this article is therefore to map and analyse the academic, community and technical initiatives developed in higher education institutions in the past that have earned international recognition, and to reflect on possible and necessary paths that guide the sustainability of the Blue University seal.

Read the full document in Brazilian Portuguese here

1. Doctorate and Master’s degree in Zoology from the Federal University of Paraná (UFPR). Bachelor’s degree and teaching qualification in biological sciences from the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR). Currently a lecturer on the Postgraduate Programme in Bioethics at PUCPR. Contact: marta.fischer@pucpr.br.
2. Doctorate and Master’s degree in Theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University. Master’s degree in Philosophy from the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross. Bachelor’s degree in Theology from the Jesuit Faculty of Philosophy and Theology (FAJE). Postdoctoral fellowship in theology at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. She is a professor on the Postgraduate Programme in Theology at the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR). Contact: elias.wolff@pucpr.br.
3. Doctorate in Socio-Environmental Law and Sustainability from the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR). Master’s and Bachelor’s degrees in Law from the State University of Maringá (UEM). Professor at the PUCPR Law School. Contact: luciana.caetano@pucpr.br.

Read the translation with DeepL here (not finished yet):

Introduction

The importance of water for sustaining life on Earth is widely recognised, as is its fluid, timeless and multidimensional nature. The cellular biochemical processes of all living beings depend on water, which is also connected to social, economic, aesthetic and spiritual aspects of human civilisation. However, the vulnerability of these properties and the risk of losing them if water is contaminated has not been enough to prevent a resource that has been abundant and sustainable for billions of years from being seriously compromised in just a few centuries of human technological and scientific development (Fischer & Rosaneli, 2022).

Warnings about the risks of water contamination and the consequent compromise of water potability have been constant in recent decades, and predictions of restricted access are being realised. In light of the urgent need to change water usage practices, numerous political and social initiatives have emerged, both locally and globally, to ensure the right of all beings to access drinking water. Higher education institutions (HEIs) are among the agents of change, as their expertise in research, teaching and outreach provides fertile ground for sustainable and inclusive proposals to overcome this global challenge.

This article provides an account of institutional academic experience, taking a qualitative and descriptive approach based on documentary and bibliographic analysis. This analysis focuses on the scientific and social context in which the Blue Community label is situated. This is followed by an evaluation of academic approaches to water at higher education institutions before the implementation of the seal. It then proposes a critical and reflective analysis of the application of the three fundamental principles of Blue Universities at the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná (PUCPR): recognising water as a human right; managing water publicly and communally; and eliminating the use of plastic bottles.

It emphasises that higher education institutions can invest in all three areas, or focus their efforts on one dimension — usually the academic dimension. To this end, the article investigates how these principles can be incorporated into institutional policies and reflects on the concrete mechanisms that ensure their effective implementation. Firstly, the problem of universal access to drinking water and Blue Communities was characterised, and then the actions promoted by PUCPR in relation to water management were surveyed, considering both academic and structural initiatives, which were presented sequentially. Finally, the extent to which these actions will enable the identification of challenges, gaps and opportunities for the continuous improvement of institutional strategies aimed at water sustainability is analysed.

In addition, a comparative assessment was conducted of the commitments made by PUCPR when it joined the Blue University certification scheme. This was done to contribute to a broader debate on the role of higher education institutions in water governance and to propose recommendations for expanding the impact of such initiatives. By adopting an analytical approach based on concrete data, we aim to move beyond a purely descriptive perspective, offering a critical view to inform future institutional policies and actions. The objective of this article is therefore to map and analyse the academic, community and technical initiatives developed by the higher education institution in the past that have earned it international recognition, as well as reflecting on the necessary steps to maintain the Blue University seal.

1. Ways to respond to the challenges posed by water to society and academia

For at least five decades, scientists and activists have been warning about the finite nature of drinking water (Potter, 1996). Their catastrophic projections include: droughts in regions traditionally known for their abundance of water; floods in urbanised areas that lack the means to reabsorb rainwater; water becoming more valuable than oil; people exchanging sex for water; and wars over control of the resource. These predictions are already becoming a reality (Fischer et al., 2021). This raises the question of why the inaccessibility of a vital common good is unacceptable at an individual level yet has been tolerable even in the face of statistics showing that the world is experiencing a borderline situation. Data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), released at the opening of the United Nations Water Conference in New York in 2023, show that 26% of the global population does not have access to drinking water, while about 46% lack access to safe sanitation services. This equates to 2 billion and 3.6 billion people, respectively. The survey also warned that the global urban population’s struggle with drinking water scarcity is projected to double, from 930 million people in 2016 to potentially 1.7–2.4 billion by 2050.

The right to access drinking water and basic sanitation has been indirectly enshrined in international treaties and agreements for almost seven decades. This stems from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), both of which recognise the right of all people to an adequate standard of living, including fulfilment of basic needs such as food, housing and healthcare. In 1992, the Universal Declaration of Water Rights was included in a document produced at the United Nations Conference on Water, emphasising the principles of protecting, equitably accessing and responsibly managing water resources. Although not legally binding, this declaration raised awareness of the importance of water for life and sustainable development. Water was then recognised as a fundamental human right, promoting shared responsibility for the conservation of water resources, as well as the need for equitable access and protection of the environment in general (United Nations, 1992). The World Water Forum, promoted by the World Water Council, was first held in Morocco in 1997 and has taken place every three years in a different country since then. Since the third forum, reports have included water as a human right, and although it is recognised worldwide, its applicability still depends on effectiveness.

Several protests were directed at the World Water Forum. Starting with the sixth edition in France, the Alternative World Water Forum was created by representatives of civil society who were dissatisfied with the direction of the proposals and negotiations. The alternative forum opposes the globalisation of water and sanitation services by large multinational corporations. At the eighth World Water Forum in Brazil in 2018, water was directly defended as a fundamental human right, and any form of privatisation or private interference was opposed. Conversely, a report by the Pan American Health Organisation recognised the private sector’s role in providing water and sanitation services, sparking a debate about the State’s responsibility to respect, protect and guarantee the right to water for the population (Cini, Rosaneli & Fischer, 2019).

In 2010, the United Nations (UN) recognised access to water as an essential, fundamental and universal human right indispensable to a dignified life (United Nations, 2010). It should be noted that access to water must be conditional upon quality and quantity, and that in case of scarcity, human access must be prioritised and the water must be provided free of charge, at least in the quantities necessary for survival. In the same year, UN Resolution 64/292 (United Nations, 2010) reinforced the guarantee of non-discriminatory service provision to the entire population by 2030.

At the turn of the millennium, the United Nations produced an important document, the Millennium Development Goals (2000), which included the mission of ensuring environmental sustainability in its seventh goal. This was broken down into two targets: to halve the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation facilities by 2015; and to significantly improve the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers by providing them with access to basic services, including safe drinking water, by 2015. However, the failure to meet these targets by 2015 led to the adoption of the Sustainable Development Goals (United Nations, 2015), which included an environmental bias.

Goal 6 is specifically dedicated to drinking water and sanitation. It aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030, through the following targets:
– achieving universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water;
– achieving access to adequate and equitable sanitation and hygiene for all, with special attention to the needs of women, girls, and those in vulnerable situations;
– improving water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimising the release of hazardous chemicals and materials;
– halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing the safe reuse and recycling of water globally.

Although progress has been made in various locations around the world, including Brazil, on technical issues related to service coverage, little progress has been made on ethical aspects (Cini, Rosaneli & Fischer, 2019) six years before the deadline. Brazil’s commitment to international entities includes an intrinsic social and individual commitment.

Private, public, academic and management institutions must also commit to international agreements aimed at sustaining life on the planet. Through research and innovation, universities can develop technologies, as well as educational and awareness programmes, to train professionals and engage the community. By collaborating with governments, NGOs, and other stakeholders, universities can promote evidence-based policies and integrated solutions to address water-related challenges. They also play a vital role in monitoring and evaluating progress towards drinking water and sanitation goals by providing critical data to inform effective, sustainable interventions.

2. Blue Community: A Path to Water Justice

In response to the global crisis of water scarcity, pollution, unequal access and ecosystem degradation, the Maude Barlow Foundation (a Canadian organisation dedicated to social and environmental justice) created Blue Communities in 2024. The concept was first proposed in 2009 in response to challenges in water management and the increasing privatisation of water resources. Since then, the idea has spread globally, with communities and cities around the world adopting its principles and taking action to implement them locally.

By adopting the Blue Communities principles, communities seek to ensure equitable access to drinking water, protect water resources and promote awareness of the importance of water for human and environmental health. This commitment involves:

1. Recognising water as a human right and ensuring equitable access
2. Promoting public and community management of water resources and protecting them from private exploitation
3. Eliminating the use of disposable water bottles and promoting sustainable alternatives, such as refillable bottles and drinking water fountains in public spaces

Blue Universities are an offshoot of Blue Communities. They are recognised higher education institutions that have committed to adopting the Blue Communities’ principles in their water-related operations and practices. As educational and research institutions, they play a fundamental role in raising awareness, conducting research, implementing sustainable practices and providing public education. Examples of their activities include: The University of Zurich, the University of Brescia, the University of London, Philipps University of Marburg, the Catholic University of Leuven’s Saint-Louis University, the University of León, the University of Saint Gallen and Huron College.

In Brazil, the Federal University of Lavras is involved in reforestation and spring protection, proper water treatment, democratic water distribution and sewage treatment. The latter provides water for reuse in campus irrigation activities.

During the IX Meeting of Leaders who manage 35,000 water reservoirs in Colombia, held in Popayán from 20 to 28 September 2023, the Blue Universities international coordination awarded the Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná a certificate of recognition as a Blue University on 26 September 2023. The university was represented by Professor Elias Wolff, a member of the Ecumenical Water Network-Brazil (REDA-Brasil) and the Postgraduate Programme in Theology. This certificate recognises the actions that PUCPR already carries out in water care, based on networks, scientific research, training of human resources and engagement of young people in the area, and above all, it recognises the affinity with the institution’s identity.

PUCPR’s identity is reflected in its commitment to social responsibility and sustainable development. The university promotes projects and initiatives that aim to have a positive impact on the local and global community. As a higher education institution, it values diversity and inclusion, seeking to provide quality educational opportunities to all, regardless of origin or socioeconomic status. Furthermore, as it consolidates its seal, the university now faces the challenge of strengthening its partnerships with other higher education institutions and organisations to expand its efforts to preserve water. This encourages interdisciplinary research and promotes academic and scientific events on the topic. These initiatives engage not only the academic community, but also wider society, in constructing sustainable solutions.

This report therefore aims to present the main PUCPR initiatives that support the Blue University seal, as well as exploring the potential for future actions. In order to implement the principles of the Blue University at PUCPR, the university’s rectorate established the PUCPR Water Committee. This was installed by a normative act of the rector, Brother Rogério Renato Mateucci, on 20 May 2024, under Ordinance No. 55/2024. The committee comprises professors Elias Wolff (School of Education and Humanities), Luciana Caetano da Silva (School of Law), André Turbay (School of Arts), Marta Luciane Fischer (School of Life Sciences), Harry Alberto Bollmann (Polytechnic School), Juliana de Oliveira Souza (institutional identity), Fabio Pace Adamo (infrastructure manager) and Jonas Kossar (infrastructure operations coordinator).

Based at the School of Education and Humanities, the Water Committee’s activities are overseen by Dean Cesar Candiotto. These activities include seminars on water studies, meetings with organisations that promote the principles of Blue University, and publications on the water situation in Brazil and worldwide. The committee intends to expand its activities by encouraging the implementation of university extension programmes focused on environmental education. This will enable students and teachers to participate in social impact projects related to the preservation of water resources. Additionally, plans are in place to create a database to monitor and analyse the impact of these initiatives, ensuring their continuity and improvement over time.

3. Water, Spirituality and Dialogue with the Ecumenical Water Network

The existence of civil society organisations that promote water justice, care, and equitable distribution is legitimised by the mobilisation to overcome the factors that compromise access to drinking water. Following the Ninth Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC) in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in 2006, the Ecumenical Water Network was established to encourage its churches to affirm three principles regarding water: that it is a gift from God, a human right and a common good (Wolff et al., 2014). By affirming water as a gift, churches recognise that the costs of distribution do not justify treating it as a commodity. This stance is based on faith in a creator God who grants the gift of water, as well as on human responsibility to care for this gift. By affirming water as a human right and the right of other creatures, churches promote access to water for all living beings. By affirming water as a common good, churches advocate public management of water resources, engaging in dialogue with society and public agencies to ensure public policies for sanitation and distribution.

In 2021, the Ecumenical Water Network Brazil (REDA-Brasil, 2021) was established in Brazil and adopts the same principles as the WCC Ecumenical Water Network. REDA-Brasil comprises seven Brazilian organisations focused on environmental issues, including the Ecumenical and Interreligious Centre (NEIr) of PUCPR.

In Judaism and Christianity, water symbolises the divine and is the source of life for all creatures. In the beginning, everything was water, and God created everything from the water (Genesis 1). When there was an imbalance in relationships between human beings, between human beings and nature, and between human beings and God, God recreated everything from the waters (the story of Noah). In these religions, God manifests himself through the image of the fertile waters of heaven. He is ‘like the dew to Israel’, making it flourish (Hosea 14:5), and he is the shepherd who leads to the springs of living water (Psalm 23; Ezekiel 34:11–15). His wisdom is like an overflowing torrent (Pr 18:4) and is given as water to all nations (Sir 15:3). The thirsty seek God (Amos 8:11), who offers them salvation (Isaiah 12:3-4). In the New Testament, God reveals himself as the source of living water (Jn 10:11). This is evident in Jesus, who says, ‘If anyone is thirsty, let them come to me and drink. Whoever believes in me, as Scripture says, rivers of living water will flow from within him’ (Jn 7:37-38). The Christian faith is born of the waters of baptism, in which believers are immersed in the waters of salvation in Christ. Water is a religious symbol in virtually all traditions.

From the Christian perspective, and that of many other religions, professing faith in God implies caring for his creation. Here, we emphasise the importance of caring for water as a vital element of our common home. Neglecting and exploiting water, and managing it poorly for mercantilist reasons, needs to be overcome through socio-environmental justice, which is justified by a theology of eco-justice. Justice towards God is expressed in social and environmental justice. Pope Francis teaches that we must ‘listen to the cry of the Earth as well as the cry of the poor’ (LS 49).

This requires a ‘global ecological conversion’ to enable profound changes in ‘lifestyles, production and consumption patterns, and the established structures of power that currently govern societies’ (LS 5). There is an urgent need to convert from a selfish, predatory capitalist way of life to one that is simple, sober and in harmony with nature. Human beings are capable of finding ways to live sustainably and in harmony with all of creation. To this end, new awareness and socio-environmental practices are essential. Only in this way can we ensure a good quality of life on Earth, particularly in developing countries.

Churches and religions can contribute greatly through their theologies, spiritualities and action projects, helping to restore the meaning of a life lived in gratitude and fraternity with all creatures. This approach demonstrates justice towards impoverished populations by ensuring they have access to the water necessary for them to live with health and dignity (Mt 10:42). This is a path to the Kingdom: ‘I was thirsty and you gave me a drink’ (Mt 25:35).

Water is considered the source of life and a common good, as well as being an image of the Creator. It allows us to rebuild relationships between individuals and peoples, involving the whole of creation. Water enables us to practise hospitality, care for others and be generous, following the examples of Abraham, who offered water to his guests so they could wash their feet (Genesis 18:1–5), and the Good Samaritan, who washed and cared for the injured person’s wounds by the roadside (Luke 10:30–37).

Religious institutions play a fundamental role in Blue Communities, strengthening collaborative networks focused on socio-environmental justice. PUCPR’s initiatives promote water as both a divine gift and a human right and common good, thereby reinforcing the connection between spirituality and community responsibility. These principles align directly with the foundations of Blue Universities, which aim to guarantee access to drinking water, encourage sustainable water management and increase civil society participation in water governance.

To evaluate the effectiveness of these initiatives, it is crucial to employ quantitative indicators such as the number of communities that have benefited, the reduction in water waste within the participating institutions, and investment in sanitation and distribution policies. However, implementing Blue Community principles in a higher education institution presents challenges, such as forming partnerships with companies and government agencies. There is also a need to overcome conflicts of interest in contexts where water privatisation is a reality. Furthermore, transitioning to integral ecology, as advocated by Pope Francis, requires structural changes to production and consumption models. This can generate resistance even within HEIs themselves due to market dynamics and budgetary constraints.

4. Care for our common home: The Experience of the House of Francis and Clare at PUCPR

Created in October 2022, the House of Francis and Clare at PUCPR is part of a Brazilian initiative to implement actions in response to Pope Francis’ call to realign the economy. Since the beginning of his pontificate, Pope Francis (2015, 2019) has sought to challenge established thinking and highlight humanitarian, social, ecological, pastoral and ethical issues. He achieves this by demonstrating that humanity is at risk, and that the Church must modernise its discourse and practices in order to address this crisis and take into account the signs of the times. This requires a change of attitude and the development of new perspectives within the Church.

Pope Francis (2016) aims to establish a new educational and socio-economic pact based on the culture of encounter, as Jesus did: “Not only seeing, but looking; not only hearing, but listening; not only passing by people, but stopping with them; not only saying ‘What a pity, poor things’, but letting oneself be carried away by compassion”. The possible outcome of this new pact is community redemption, fostering a sense of belonging and shared life and future. ‘The community requires relearning political solidarity and integral ecology as the praxis of new economies’ (Brasileiro & Nabozny, 2002, p. 24). For Francis, this new economy generates life and dignity rather than degradation and inequality; it fosters care for creation and environmental awareness in places where there is currently exploitation, unbridled consumption and individualism. In other words, Francis and Clare’s economy is based on caring for our common home at a local level.

Against the backdrop of calls for a new economy and social contracts, the Houses of Francis and Clare emerged, each operating within their own context and territory. The House of Francis and Clare at PUCPR is linked to the Directorate of Institutional Identity and the Pro-Rectory of Mission, Identity and Extension. Led by identity specialist Juliana de Oliveira Souza, its mission and outreach are mainly focused on Vila Torres, a neighbouring community of the PUCPR campus in Curitiba. One of the oldest communities in Curitiba, it suffers from violence, extreme social and environmental vulnerability, impoverishment, and discrimination. The community’s main economic activity is recycling, with families either collecting materials on the city streets or working in one of the many warehouses where these materials are sorted. The recycling industry provides an important, albeit unrecognised, environmental service for the municipality and income for most families in the area.

The community is also home to part of the Belém River basin, whose source and mouth are located within Curitiba. Despite not being the main polluter, the community is stigmatised for being home to a highly polluted stretch of the river. The river originates in the northern part of the city and passes through the central region, where it is channelled or runs underground. When it reaches the community, it carries all the pollution it has received from neighbourhoods where it is not visible, impacting the lives of the socially peripheral and marginalised people who live there, despite not being the cause of the environmental impact.

In light of the socio-environmental context of the territory, Casa de Francisco e Clara dedicates many of its efforts to environmental education. This is achieved through inter-institutional collaboration, where project planning is carried out collectively in partnership with various local institutions and university departments. These projects have a direct impact on the Belém River, particularly affecting children and adolescents through schools and after-school programmes operating within the community. Taking into account the community context of the territory and the knowledge of its inhabitants, as well as the teachings of Pope Francis, the aim is to use the results of this work to overcome the immense inequalities and challenges that plague our community. As Pope Francis says, ‘Our body is made up of the elements of the planet; its air allows us to breathe, and its water enlivens and restores us’ (LS 2). The goal is for everyone to have fair access to the elements of the planet in order to achieve a good quality of life and dignity, through critical, inter-institutional work that is strongly linked to the presented challenges.

The institutional identity of the higher education institution demonstrates the potential of various bodies, beyond academic ones, to care for water resources and promote environmental education. This expanded involvement strengthens the institution’s capacity to promote the implementation of concrete actions based on the principles of Blue Universities. Direct engagement with the community, especially those neighbouring the HEI, is essential in developing strategies to overcome challenges such as resistance from sectors dependent on the privatisation of water resources and the recycling industry. Another critical issue is the contradiction between efforts to promote public water management and the ongoing pollution of areas inhabited by vulnerable communities.

For the transition to a Blue University to be effective, it is essential that measurable indicators are developed from the outset to assess the concrete impact of institutional actions, identify points of conflict and measure progress in mitigating socio-environmental vulnerabilities. Coordinating with academic sectors can play a key role in providing practical environmental education that considers the socioeconomic realities of local communities. This allows the institution to create solutions tailored to local needs while seeking collaboration with public, private, and civil society entities that share the same environmental objectives.

5 LABCLIM: THE CLIMATE LABOURATORY OF PUCPR

Funded by the Erasmus+ programme, the ClimateLabs project connects universities in Latin America and Europe with the aim of strengthening the capacity for applied research and innovation in Latin American institutions, focusing on laboratories dedicated to climate change mitigation and adaptation. The partnership involves universities in Brazil, Colombia and Mexico, as well as institutions in Spain, France and Italy. Ashoka is also collaborating with the project as a non-academic expert partner. Through this network, the project aims to promote the creation of interdisciplinary laboratories that address climate challenges in specific territories by structuring innovative solutions.

The Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná is part of this network with LabClima. Among its activities, LabClima focuses on the micro-basin of the Belém River in Curitiba, an area vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. The laboratory brings together different areas of the university to focus on educational and collaborative processes, identifying potential locations and developing solutions that promote both mitigation and adaptation to climate change (Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, 2021). The community is also involved in promoting social innovation through education, with the aim of transforming knowledge into concrete, sustainable actions. This is achieved by:
a) identifying and reconciling the social and ecological challenges related to climate change through social innovation projects
b) designing and applying online and offline tools to strengthen the innovative capacities of applied research in partner universities to address climate change-related challenges
c) designing and implementing social innovation laboratories for climate change in partner universities
d) implementing social innovation pilot projects on climate change based on the identification of the challenges and needs of each territory
(e) Disseminating methodologies and results for use by other higher education institutions in Latin America and around the world.

To celebrate LabClima’s first anniversary in 2023, an event was held where the results achieved were presented and future plans were shared. This demonstrated the importance of continuing to raise awareness and develop climate solutions. The event also emphasised the importance of international collaboration and the laboratory’s role in disseminating innovative practices that strengthen society’s response to environmental challenges. Another significant achievement for PUCPR was its collaboration with the Curitiba Institute for Research and Urban Planning (IPPUC), which led to the development of a course within the Postgraduate Programme in Urban Management. This course focuses on tools for mitigating and adapting to climate change. The course involved a critical analysis of the IPPUC greenhouse gas emissions inventory and culminated in the preparation of a technical note that will form the basis of the Paraná Climate Seal 2024 certification. This certification recognises the good environmental, social and governance (ESG) practices of public or private organisations in the state. This cooperation reflects PUCPR’s active role in applying scientific knowledge for the benefit of society, promoting good environmental practices, and contributing to sustainable development (Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, 2024).

Harry Alberto Bollmann, a member of LabClima, is a leading figure in the field of basic sanitation. He has led decades of research focused on environmental monitoring and water quality analysis, resulting in over 40 scientific articles and 14 books. Throughout his career, he has coordinated several high-impact projects centred on sustainable technologies and developing practical solutions to environmental and urban issues. One of his most notable projects is the Belém Project, which involves the continuous monitoring of water quality in the Belém River in Curitiba. The project aimed to map sampling points and create a monitoring plan to assess spatial and temporal variations in the river basin. The ultimate goal was to implement sanitation and environmental recovery interventions. As well as monitoring water quality, the project aimed to engage the local community, raising awareness and encouraging active participation through environmental assessment protocols and dissemination of results. It also monitored the quality of water sources and the atmosphere, providing urban management with essential data for assessing the impact of industrial and urban activities on local ecosystems and proposing corrective measures. Finally, research on micropollutants in urban rivers that are difficult to remove by conventional treatment systems is worth highlighting. These micropollutants originate from pharmaceuticals, detergents and hormones. Due to their negative environmental and health impacts on humans and animals, monitoring micropollutants in urban river waters and developing management alternatives to minimise their effects can help improve the resilience of cities in the face of environmental threats. This research establishes the scientific foundation required for the implementation of innovative, sustainable technologies. This ensures that the results can be applied in real-world contexts and deliver tangible benefits to society and the environment.

Sustainable water use is one of the pillars of PUCPR’s utility management strategy. Jonas Kossar of the Business Operations Directorate confirms that water quality tests are carried out on random taps and drinking fountains in all blocks and common areas of PUCPR every six months, and that drinking fountain filters are maintained as a preventive measure. PUCPR is committed to reducing water consumption through various initiatives, including installing flow reducers on taps, raising awareness among employees and users, and using specialised equipment and services to detect and repair leaks in pipes. Alongside reducing consumption, PUCPR aims to promote water justice and defend access to drinking water as a fundamental human right. The goal is to produce water for internal consumption independently and sustainably, while increasing efficiency and reducing waste. In 2023, 108 millilitres (95%) of water was generated by the institution itself and 5.13 millilitres (5%) came from the utility company.

The ClimateLabs project highlights the importance of taking specific technical action to address climate change. This involves establishing measurable indicators, such as the level of engagement of vulnerable communities and the establishment of interdisciplinary laboratories within higher education institutions (HEIs). These initiatives strengthen applied research and innovation, aligning directly with the principles of Blue Universities: social innovation, sustainability, and addressing global challenges. Despite this potential, the implementation of these principles faces obstacles, particularly in developing countries. Higher education institutions must overcome structural limitations that hinder the consolidation of long-term projects, as well as financing difficulties and the absence of integrated public policies articulating environmental actions. The applicability of sustainable solutions is also affected by the complexity of vulnerable territories, where social and economic factors can compromise the viability of proposals. Given these challenges, a territorialised and strategic approach that extends beyond the academic environment and engages directly with local realities is crucial.

6. Environmental Law and its Role in Water Issues

The PUCPR Law School’s research in the legal field has focused on the legal and criminal analysis of water pollution and waste management. This work has addressed crucial issues such as the pollution of rivers and lakes in Brazil, as well as related environmental legislation. Notably, a project analysed water pollution caused by industrial waste, sewage, and toxic agricultural waste. This project focused on Law 9.605/1998 and its application in protecting water resources. The environmental impact of the improper disposal of hospital waste was also discussed, particularly with regard to the risk of groundwater contamination and the ways in which criminal law seeks to prevent and punish such practices. Another significant project examined the pollution caused by oil and its derivatives, with a particular focus on the environmental impacts of exploring for and transporting this resource in Brazil, especially in relation to the pre-salt layer. The research addressed environmental disasters associated with oil spills, considering not only the impact on water bodies, but also on the surrounding ecosystem, and the effectiveness of criminal legislation in dealing with these events. Additionally, the theme of smart cities and the associated risks to privacy and environmental sustainability was explored, emphasising the detrimental effects of improperly disposing of electronic waste and other non-biodegradable products in waterways. This project demonstrated the intersection between technology, urbanisation and environmental management, encouraging reflection on criminal legislation and control mechanisms for environmental pollution in urban areas (Freitas & Silva, 2020). The results of this research were widely disseminated at national and international conferences, where topics such as electronic waste contamination, deforestation and its effects on water resources, and the implementation of new technologies to combat pollution and environmental degradation were discussed. The importance of an interdisciplinary and legal approach to water resource management and the mitigation of environmental impacts resulting from urbanisation and industrial development was emphasised on several occasions.

The role of law in implementing the principles of Blue Universities is crucial, as it enables the development of legal mechanisms to manage water sustainably, combat water pollution and regulate waste disposal. Alongside analysing environmental and criminal legislation, it is crucial to evaluate its effectiveness in various contexts and suggest regulatory innovations that address current challenges. However, applying these standards faces significant barriers. The fragmentation of environmental policies, the lack of integration between disciplines and the constant need to update legislation hinder the implementation of effective solutions. Furthermore, the rapid emergence of new forms of pollution necessitates a more agile and adaptable legal response, which is not always achieved in practice. For an institution to be recognised as a Blue University, it is crucial that law is aligned with applied research and the development of effective environmental public policies. This requires strengthening collaboration between academia, governments, and local communities to ensure the development of efficient regulations that can truly protect water resources and promote socio-environmental justice.

7 The Bioethics of Water

Although the term ‘water bioethics’ is not recognised as a specific field of bioethics, research conducted since 2015 by the CNPq/PUCPR Environmental Bioethics Research Group (linked to the Postgraduate Programme in Bioethics) has expanded the multidimensional limitations of the universal right to access drinking water through scientific dissemination, training of human resources and communication tools for engagement with society.

With its dialogical nature, environmental bioethics aims to mediate the search for consensual and fair solutions to complex, global and plural problems. Its ethical principles underpin the identification of vulnerabilities associated with the decisions of moral agents based on individual or group-specific interests and values. The complex problems arising from humanity’s rapid technological and scientific development, coupled with irreversible environmental changes that have compromised the climate and survival in many locations, cannot be solved easily. The lack of ethical, moral, legal and public policy support necessitates a transition from anthropocentric/utilitarian paradigms to a biocentric/ecocentric approach to life. To this end, educational processes that promote community engagement in preserving and ensuring access to vital and common goods, such as water, are needed (Fischer et al., 2017).

The acceptance of water by environmental bioethics initially occurred through the characterisation of how the scientific and popular media represented the water crisis. The research initiative arose as a result of an unprecedented water crisis experienced in some cities in southern Brazil, such as Curitiba, places traditionally known for their abundant water resources. Fischer et al. (2016) identified that, although the scientific community was investing in technical research to overcome the challenges of supplying water to the population, ethical approaches were in their infancy. According to the authors, the lack of this element hinders the real perception of the vulnerable. In the same project, Fischer et al. (2017) analysed the content of news articles that reported on the responsibilities for the water crisis and the position of internet users.

The results indicated a divergence in the perception of individual and collective responsibilities, pointing to the existence of noise in communication about the demands of nature, the population, and political and economic interests in the context of the water crisis, which constitute limitations for the internet to be effective in the process of ethical awareness. Although these spaces are a daily necessity in today’s societies, prior ethical awareness of environmental issues is necessary. Questioning how students perceived these responsibilities, Fischer et al. (2018) applied different active methodology techniques in distance learning of Bioethics in an undergraduate course in Biological Sciences, demonstrating the effectiveness in the development of students’ moral competencies.

Exposure to texts addressing ethical, economic and political issues related to the water crisis, combined with interviews with various stakeholders, such as housewives, merchants, students and public managers, improved the students’ arguments. Access to qualified information combined with the development of critical thinking and leadership skills promoted a shift in discourse from focusing on the finitude of natural resources and tariff increases as a solution, to focusing on the rights of future generations and the suffering of vulnerable people.

Reflecting on access to drinking water as a universal right for all living beings involved analysing the scenario of scientific publications on water and human rights in Latin America (Cini, Rosaneli & Fischer, 2019), which sparked a dialogue about the social awareness of the biological, social, political, and environmental consequences of restricting this right. This is important given that the world is witnessing a series of decisions and behaviours that endanger all living beings. Rosaneli et al. (2021) evaluated the use of the term ‘environmental refugees’ in Brazil, identifying its association with internally displaced persons from the country’s north-eastern semi-arid region. Having left their place of origin due to issues related to drought, heat, a lack of resources and decent work and opportunities, as well as prejudice and hunger, they encounter amplified difficulties in urban centres. These are compounded by prejudice and unstable living conditions, making them particularly vulnerable to a lack of drinking water and sanitation, but also to flooding. Rosaneli et al. (2022) analysed the commitment of various stakeholders and disciplines to ethical issues related to water use and public health education policies.

The codependence of water and human health should prevent the negligence of preserving a finite resource, making the ethical debate more urgent. Following these reflections, Fischer and Rosaneli (2022) proposed the concept of ‘water hunger’, recognising that the vulnerability of living beings when they lack access to water for hydration, food security and sanitation gives the expression an individual, collective, programme-related and ethical dimension that is accepted in bioethics. The authors based their terminology on three vectors:
a) Human rights in terms of food and health security
b) Vulnerabilities exacerbated by the water and health crisis
c) Ethics, contemplating an honest, conscious, proactive, and critical stance on the part of individuals, citizens, and institutions The research group’s academic analysis of water vulnerability considered the risks posed by regional development projects, such as mining. Thus, Alencastro et al. (2019) and Chapare, Lummertze and Fischer (2020) analysed issues involving the exploitation of southern countries and their vulnerability to environmental degradation, examining the issue through the lens of bioethical intervention.

Stramantino, Farias and Fischer (2022, 2023) analysed the guarantee of the right to drinking water in the context of smart cities, reiterating the need for participatory urban management to ensure guidelines for conflicts associated with access to drinking water. To this end, anthropocentric and utilitarian values must be transposed into biocentric and ecocentric values that preserve the environment and vulnerable populations. This will give water a sense of common good and propose an urban ecological practice that interrelates humans and nature. Stramantino and Fischer (2023) found that, while citizens of Curitiba understand the multifactorial constraints of the water crisis, they still attribute overcoming emergency situations to the attitudes of individual end users. In this context, environmental education interventions must go beyond informing and raising awareness, investing instead in community, political and ethical awareness.

Thus, it was recognised that the citizens of Curitiba are aware of the causes of the water crisis and demonstrate biocentric and ecocentric values. However, it was not possible to identify attitudes that would encourage collective action to overcome the crisis. Consequently, the common good must be internalised as shared co-responsibility, and collective thinking is required to self-regulate public management and human interference in the environment as a whole. Stramantino, Farias and Fischer (2023) reiterated that although citizens of Curitiba recognise their city’s sustainability credentials, they are conflicted by the media’s portrayal of the city alongside the presence of polluted urban rivers such as the Belém River, and the ineffective response to emergency situations such as the water crisis that occurred during the pandemic. The agenda of smart cities and environmental bioethics welcomes deliberative spaces for community speech and listening, as these aim to mediate the resolution of ethical conflicts and improve the quality of life of all city inhabitants in a sustainable and inclusive way for this and future generations.

Fischer and Rosaneli (2024) included the vulnerabilities of Vila Torres residents, who live on the banks of the Belém River, in their discussion on accessibility to drinking water. This discussion promoted a theoretical encounter between the perspectives of Potter’s bioethics and those of the Portuguese sociologist Boaventura de Sousa Santos. Although the environmental and social vulnerabilities analysed originated from a local reality, they transcended geographic and temporal limits, supported by the convergence of scientific, technological, and traditional knowledge aimed at protecting the nature, culture, dignity, and hope of all living beings that comprise urban ecosystems.

The practical dimension of the research into access to drinking water emerged in the form of proposals for virtual collective deliberation spaces. The first group discussed the theme ‘The water crisis: whose fault is it?’. Fischer et al. (2021) analysed the participants’ statements, finding that they primarily expressed technical, social, ethical, and environmental limitations related to the water crisis. Limiting beliefs and common sense act as anchors that reinforce and justify weaknesses that exacerbate problems, the resolution of which is dependent on cooperative behaviour. Conversely, participants demonstrated collective, personal, ethical, social and behavioural values that contribute to a solutions-based perspective. The second group aimed to evaluate how society, academics and activists represent the concept of ‘water hunger’ (Fischer & Rosanelli, 2023). Commonalities and divergences between the groups characterise the multidimensional nature of the concept and the establishment of plausible paths to solutions. All the research developed by the group supports the need for a space to welcome the perceptions, representations, values and needs of the population, and supports the proposal to install environmental bioethics committees in public, private and community spheres. These committees would stimulate and encompass the voice of civil society in the context of social control of water. This is because, according to the research reported in this work, when expressing themselves on water issues in virtual spaces, people tend to frame the problem in ethical terms of responsibility.

Research into ‘water bioethics’ and its relationship with environmental bioethics highlights the need for a new ethical paradigm with which to address water crises and ensure the universal right to drinking water. Despite scientific and technological advances, the emerging ethical approach makes it difficult to recognise social and environmental vulnerabilities. In the context of implementing the Blue University principles, higher education institutions have significant potential in areas such as producing interdisciplinary knowledge, training critical citizens, and engaging with the community through active methodologies and deliberative spaces. However, important limitations remain, including overcoming anthropocentric and utilitarian views, strengthening public policies, and increasing the internalisation of collective co-responsibility in water resource management. Therefore, while society recognises the severity of the water crisis, challenges remain in translating this awareness into tangible, proactive action. Higher education institutions can therefore play a decisive role in promoting dialogue between science, ethics and society, and in enabling the transition to biocentric and ecocentric values. These values are fundamental for sustainable water management and the construction of smart, inclusive cities.

8 Student engagement: The Water Club

Currently led by Kemuel Lourenço Figueira Andrade, a PhD student in Theology, the PUCPR University Water Club was founded in 2022 to raise awareness of the importance of water as a vital resource. The club promotes reflection, dialogue and action to protect and preserve water resources. Initially established within the Theology programme at the School of Education and Humanities, the club has since expanded its activities to encompass other schools and courses at the university due to its relevance and positive impact.

The Water Club recognises the importance of water not only as an essential resource for life on the planet, but also from spiritual and Christian perspectives, emphasising its religious symbolism and significance within the context of faith. This holistic vision enables the integration of environmental, social, and spiritual dimensions, thereby broadening our understanding of water’s role in sustainability and quality of life. The founding team included Professor Márcio Fernandes and students such as Eva Gislane Barbosa (the first coordinator), João Santiago and Itamar da Silva. Together, these members sought to create a collaborative and mobilising environment within PUCPR.

The Water Club’s main activities include promoting sustainable water consumption, revitalising rivers, and improving basic sanitation. The club also supports ecological projects that aim to preserve aquatic ecosystems, thereby directly contributing to environmental improvement and enhancing the quality of life for local communities. The Water Club collaborates with PUCPR’s Identity Board, other university clubs and external initiatives such as the Ecumenical Water Network. The club participates in campaigns such as ‘100,000 Young People for Water’. In recognition of its commitment to preserving water resources, PUCPR was named a Blue University, which reinforces the Water Club’s role in sustainability and the environment.

The PUCPR Water Club has presented a series of concrete actions that are aligned with the principles of the Blue University. These actions have the potential to have a positive impact on environmental awareness. However, challenges to the applicability of these principles include a lack of adequate financial resources, difficulty in continuously involving the academic community, and integrating sustainable practices into all courses and activities. Higher education institutions aspiring to become Blue Universities must promote greater awareness of, and involvement in, the principles of sustainability and water management across all academic areas, in order to effectively integrate them into the institutional culture.

Final considerations: Potential for the Consolidation of PUCPR as a Blue University

This experience report presents a panorama that demonstrates PUCPR’s potential in scientific research, teaching and outreach related to the theme of water. This strengthens the Blue University seal and enables PUCPR to transform new challenges into opportunities for overcoming real, global and multifaceted problems. The theological, identity, technical, bioethical and student foundations characterise the breadth of spaces already occupied, which, based on the certification, converge to enhance the scope for action.

Given that problems associated with universal access to drinking water have broad and complex dimensions encompassing economics, politics, society and culture, the university stands out as a space for the creation and dissemination of specialist knowledge. Training professionals from different fields to engage in collective deliberation on shared issues is essential, particularly when they recognise themselves as both moral and vulnerable agents.

PUCPR is consolidating itself as a Blue University precisely in this space of speech, listening, and collective, multidisciplinary, and multicultural construction. It is investing in the technical training of innovative professionals to optimise the use of water as a resource, as well as training professionals to recognise water as a right and its intrinsic relationship with the quality of life of all living beings on the planet.

The objectives of the Blue Community align with PUCPR’s institutional principles, as it promotes significant initiatives for sustainable development and the affirmation of human rights. As a Blue University/Community, PUCPR takes concrete initiatives to care for our common home, as proposed by Pope Francis in the encyclical Laudato si’ and the Global Compact on Education (2019). By joining forces, we can achieve the Sustainable Development Goals and the UN’s 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly through encouraging research that mobilises feasible solutions to help us overcome these challenges. As a Blue University, PUCPR will be able to contribute uniquely to caring for water in its local environment: the city of Curitiba in southern Brazil. Its metropolitan area comprises 29 municipalities and has a total population of 3,742,171.

The results show that the higher education institution is making progress in adopting the principles of Blue Universities, particularly with regard to the academic dimension. However, progress is especially evident in the elimination of plastics and public-private partnerships. Academically, the study reinforces the role of higher education institutions as laboratories for water governance, capable of articulating technical knowledge and ethical reflection. In terms of society, the certification strengthens the university’s commitment to water justice, but critical vigilance is required to prevent the seal from being used instrumentally without being linked to concrete transformations.

A critical analysis highlights the risks associated with conflicts of interest, such as participating in projects with sectors based on the privatisation of water. When joining initiatives such as Blue University, higher education institutions (HEIs) must ensure that their partnerships do not perpetuate practices that contradict the human right to water, particularly in contexts where there is pressure to commercialise water resources. Therefore, higher education institutions are encouraged to share their experiences in the field of science, proposing future research into the impact of public-private partnerships on HEI water management; strategies for harmonising technological innovation and socio-environmental equity; and the limitations of international certifications in local contexts with structural inequalities.

The effectiveness of Blue Universities ultimately hinges on their ability to translate principles into anti-colonial and anti-neoliberal practices, challenging development models that treat water as a commodity. Higher education institutions that join the Blue Community must face technical and political challenges, ensuring that their actions promote water as a common good and do not legitimise innocuous sustainable discourses.

A critical analysis highlights the risks associated with conflicts of interest, such as participating in projects based in sectors that privatise water. When joining initiatives such as Blue University, higher education institutions (HEIs) must ensure that their partnerships do not perpetuate practices contradicting the human right to water, particularly in contexts where there is pressure to commercialise water resources. Therefore, HEIs are encouraged to share their scientific expertise, propose future research into the impact of public-private partnerships on HEI water management, strategies for harmonising technological innovation and socio-environmental equity, and the limitations of international certifications in contexts with structural inequalities. Ultimately, the effectiveness of Blue Universities hinges on their ability to translate principles into anti-colonial and anti-neoliberal practices that challenge development models treating water as a commodity. HEIs that join the Blue Community must overcome technical and political challenges to ensure that their actions promote water as a common good and do not legitimise innocuous sustainable discourses.

In view of these challenges, other higher education institutions wishing to become Blue Universities should consider incorporating these principles into their institutional policies to ensure that water sustainability aligns with the university’s strategic guidelines. To this end, implementing water consumption monitoring programmes, adopting water reuse and conservation technologies, and strengthening partnerships with civil society organisations and community movements is recommended. Additionally, higher education institutions should invest in environmental education and raising socio-environmental awareness among their members, while promoting interdisciplinary research that contributes to innovative, sustainable water management solutions. This will enable the consistent implementation of the principles of Blue Communities and have a real impact on society.

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Recebido em: 26/09/2024.
Aceito em: 17/04/2025.